Autonomia da vontade do paciente X autonomia profissional do médico / Pacient's autonomy vs physician's professional autonomy

: A evolução da biotecnociência e da biotecnologia, aliada a novos preceitos jurídicos tuteladores da pessoa humana, tem repercussão direta e imediata na relação médico-paciente. Tanto é que o Código de Ética Médica, com nova roupagem, introduziu mecanismos compatíveis com relação às tutelas constitucionais e civis que abrigam o paciente, tendo como metas a realidade atual. A condição de paciente já não corresponde mais ao paternalismo e ao assistencialismo que lhe era inerente. Ao contrário, apresenta-se munida de uma nova engrenagem com o foco voltado para a autonomia da vontade, dando ao paciente a oportunidade de se manifestar a respeito da aceitação ou da recusa de determinado procedimento médico. É, na realidade, um sujeito de direito, com toda a carga jurídica compreendida na expressão. Surge, dessa forma, como corolário do principium individuationis e recebe o assentimento da própria Bioética, que erigiu a autonomia da vontade do paciente como um dos princípios basilares.

The evolution of biotechnoscience and biotechnology, together with new tutelary legal precepts of the human being, brings direct and immediate impact on the doctor-patient relationship. As matter of fact, the Code of Ethics, with a new appearance, added compatible mechanisms regarding the constitutional and civilian guidance of the patient, according to the present reality. The patient’s condition no longer corresponds to paternalism and welfarism that was relevant. However, the patient is provided with a new mechanism focused on the principle of freedom of choice, allowing them the opportunity to speak about the acceptance or rejection of a particular medical procedure. It is in fact, the subject of law, with all legal burdens properly understood. Emerges, thus, as a corollary of the principium individuationis and receives the approval of bioethics, which established the autonomy of the freedom of choice of the patients as one of the essential principles.

Protection of genetic heritage in the era of cloning

Research on human beings has expanded greatly due to progress and the evolution of society as well as customs. Not only the unceasing development of research on human beings, but also interference in the beginning and end of life with homologous and heterogonous human reproduction, surrogate motherhood, cloning, gene therapies, eugenics,euthanasia, dysthanasia, orthothanasia, assisted suicide, genetic engineering, reassignment surgery in cases of transsexuality, the use of recombinant DNA technology and embryonic stem cells, transplantation of human organs and tissues, biotechnology and many other scientific advances. Scientific progress goes faster than the real needs of human beings, who are the final recipient of the entire evolutionary progress. Hence, there is the need to scrutinize whether new technologies are necessary, suitable and timely so that humanity can achieve its postulate of bene vivere. Human cloning, as an abrupt scientific fact, has presented itself to the world community as a procedure that can be performed with relative success and with little difficulty, since it achieved its objectives with the cloning of Dolly the sheep. This issue became the topic of discussion not only in the scientific community but in the lay population, and it received from both, global disapproval. The conclusion is that the human being is unique, with a life cycle defined by the rules of nature. Reversal will cause a violation of the genetic heritage and, above all, will confront the constitutional principle of human dignity.